{"id":5101,"date":"2019-06-07T08:18:24","date_gmt":"2019-06-07T08:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/?p=5101"},"modified":"2019-06-07T12:11:40","modified_gmt":"2019-06-07T12:11:40","slug":"%ef%bb%bfwhat-is-the-difference-between-power-supply-operating-efficiency-and-average-efficiency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/2019\/06\/07\/%ef%bb%bfwhat-is-the-difference-between-power-supply-operating-efficiency-and-average-efficiency\/","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffWhat is the difference between power supply operating efficiency and average efficiency?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By David Buck, Market Development Manager, TDK-Lambda EMEA <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before\nthe energy efficiency standards were introduced, the power supply product datasheet\nand specifications referred only to the <strong>operating\nefficiency<\/strong>. As the actual efficiency varies with the output load, input\nvoltage and component tolerance, this is stated as either a typical or a\nminimum figure. The conditions are often written as \u201ctypically 93% efficient at\n230Vac input, 100% load\u201d and a stated ambient temperature, but this is likely\nto be a best-case scenario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Efficiency\nchanges with input voltage; this is primarily due to wound component and MOSFET\nsemiconductor resistance losses (Power = Current<sup>2<\/sup> x Resistance). &nbsp;It also reduces at lighter output loads; this\nis due to the internal fixed losses from the control circuitry or internal fan,\nand the effect of the switch-mode converter running at a narrower (sub-optimum)\npulse width. The output voltage of the power supply can also impact efficiency.\nDifferent output rectification techniques, such as low loss synchronous\nrectification, may be used on lower output voltage models. A 12V model will\nhave a higher current rating than a 24V or 48V model and hence higher\nresistance losses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most\npower supplies operate at 115V \/ 230Vac and are seldom run at full load. Without\nan efficiency curve, system designers cannot correctly predict the amount of\nheat that the power supply will dissipate. As the internal temperatures rise, component\nreliability reduces resulting in a shorter equipment lifetime. To compensate\nfor this, a fan cooled power supply or additional system cooling fans may be\nused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Figure\n1 shows the effect of both load, input and output voltage on TDK-Lambda\u2019s\nCUS150M AC-DC power supply series. Armed with this information, a more informed\ndecision can be made with regard to system cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk1.jpg 567w, https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk1-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><figcaption> Figure 1: Efficiency versus 115\/230Vac input, output voltage and load conditions <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\nterm <strong>average efficiency<\/strong> was\nintroduced when energy efficiency legislation was passed for external power\nsupplies (desktop) used with consumer devices. A power supply for a laptop,\ntablet or phone charger will operate at low loads for the majority of the time\nonce the device\u2019s battery is charged. As hundreds of millions of these power\nsupplies are operated daily world-wide, the intent of the legislation was to\nensure that energy losses were minimised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Average\nefficiency is calculated by measuring the power supply\u2019s efficiency at 25%, 50%,\n75% and 100% output loads. The sum of these four measurements are added\ntogether and divided by four to obtain an average efficiency figure. To comply\nwith the latest DoE Level VI &amp; EU Tier 2 Efficiency standards, the average\nefficiency for an external power supply rated between 49-250W has to be at\nleast 89%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although\ndesigned for internal use and not classified as an external power supply, the average\nefficiency of the 24V output CUS150M operating at 230Vac is calculated to be\n92.8%. The product datasheet states that the operating efficiency is up to 94% with\nan average efficiency of &gt;91%, which is better than the &gt;89% legislation\nrequirement.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk2.jpg 480w, https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk2-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 2: CUS150-24 efficiency vs load at 230Vac input <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"199\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk4.jpg 419w, https:\/\/tdklambdablog.wpenginepowered.com\/uk\/files\/2019\/06\/tdk4-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption>Table 1: Average efficiency measurement load calculation <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\nsummary, operating efficiency and average efficiency are not measured and\/or\ncalculated using the same methodology. Both values are useful, however, and can\nprovide a quick indication of the product\u2019s overall performance. In\nanticipation that the scope does extend to other product types, system\nmanufacturers are starting to specify internal power supplies that meet this\nlegislation. An added benefit is that it also enables them to differentiate\ntheir end equipment by reducing operating costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emea.lambda.tdk.com\/uk\/cus150m\">www.emea.lambda.tdk.com\/uk\/cus150m<\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By David Buck, Market Development Manager, TDK-Lambda EMEA Before the energy efficiency standards were introduced, the power supply product datasheet and specifications referred only to the operating efficiency. As the actual efficiency varies with the output load, input voltage and component tolerance, this is stated as either a typical or a minimum figure. The conditions [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88,5,17,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cus-m","category-medical-scientific","category-news","category-power-supply-basics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\ufeffWhat is the difference between power supply operating efficiency and average efficiency? &#171; TDK-Lambda UK Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.uk.tdk-lambda.com\/uk\/2019\/06\/07\/\ufeffwhat-is-the-difference-between-power-supply-operating-efficiency-and-average-efficiency\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ufeffWhat is the difference between power supply operating efficiency and average efficiency? &#171; TDK-Lambda UK Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By David Buck, Market Development Manager, TDK-Lambda EMEA Before the energy efficiency standards were introduced, the power supply product datasheet and specifications referred only to the operating efficiency. As the actual efficiency varies with the output load, input voltage and component tolerance, this is stated as either a typical or a minimum figure. 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